Preliminary Notes on Open Data Licensing
Keywords:
IPRs, copyright, copyleft, open data, right expression languageAbstract
Open data is fuel for the future economy. Opening and sharing data owned by public bodies, communities and companies has an incredible economic value. This will potentially lead our society to a new data-driven thinking paradigm. They also enable a smarter urban space where companies can provide better and innovative services. In particular, accessing to government data held by public bodies generates accountability, transparency and fosters economic growth. Two main aspects define data as open: data formats and licenses. This paper aims at listing some preliminary notes on the copyright framework in which open data are released and presenting the idea of considering licenses as metadata. Many tools, according to the semantic web paradigm, aim at enforcing this aspect, managing data exchange in a more compliance way and reducing costs for reuse of data. Finally, a research path for a new approach to digital ownership will be presented.
References
Vv.Aa., Designing for digital ownership in cities, in Vv.Aa., Urban interaction design – Towards city making, Urban IXD Conference Proceedings, p. 74.
Abelson, H., Adida, B., Linksvayer, M., Yergler, N., ccREL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language, W3C Member Submission, 2008. Available at: http://www.w3.org/Submission/ccREL/.
Aliprandi, S., Capire il copyright, Primora, 2007, p. 40.
Aliprandi, S., Creative Commons: a user guide, Ledizioni, 2011.
Aliprandi, S., Open licensing e banche dati, in Tiscornia, D., (eds.), Open data e riuso dei dati pubblici, Informatica e Diritto, Edizioni Scientifiche, Napoli, 2011, fasc. 1-2.
Auteri, P., Diritto d'autore, in Vv.Aa., Diritto industriale. Proprietà intellettuale e concorrenza, Torino, Giappichelli, 2005, Section VI.
Barlas, C., Digital Rights Expression Languages, JISC Technology and Standard Watch, July 2006. Available at: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/techwatch/tsw0603.pdf.
Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., Lassila, O., The semantic web, Scientic American, 2001, 5.
Biagioli, C., Tiscornia, D., Mariani, P., Esplex: A rule and conceptual model for representing statutes, in ICAIL '87 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Artificial intelligence and law, ACM, New York, 1987.
Bizer, C., Heat, T., Berners-Lee, T., Linked data – the story so far, in Heath, T., Hepp, M., Bizer, C., (eds.), Special Issue on Linked Data, International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS).
Caso, R., Forme di controllo delle informazioni digitali: il digital rights management, in Caso, R., (Ed.), Digital rights management: problemi teorici e prospettive applicative: atti del convegno, Università di Trento, Trento, 2007.
Caso, R., Un “rapporto di minoranza”: elogio dell’insicurezza informatica e della fallibilità del diritto. Note a margine del Trusted Computing, in Caso, R., (eds.) Sicurezza informatica: regole e prassi: atti del Convegno, Università di Trento, Trento, 2006.
Cavoukian, A., Privacy by design, Information & Privacy Commissioner, Ontario, Canada. Available at: http://www.privacybydesign.ca/.
Dal Poggetto, P., La protezione giuridica delle banche dati mediante il diritto d'autore ed il diritto sui-generis, Informatica e Diritto, Edizioni Scientifiche, Napoli, 1997, fasc. 1.
De Lange, M., De Waal, M., Ownership in the hybrid city, Virtueel platform research, 2012, available at: http://www.socialcitiesoftomorrow.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ownership_EN.pdf.
De Rosnay, M., Tsiavos, P., Artusio, C., Elli, J., Ricolfi, M., Sappa, C., Vollmer, T., Tarkowski, A., Licensing Guidelines, LAPSI 2.0 Thematic Network, 2014.
Dekkers, M., Polman, F., Te Velde, R., De Vries, M., Final Report of Study on Exploitation of public sector information - benchmarking of EU framework conditions, MEPSIR- Measuring European Public Sector Information Resources, European Commission, 2006.
Di Minco, S., La tutela giuridica delle banche di dati. Verso una direttiva comunitaria, Informatica e Diritto, Edizioni Scientifiche Napoli, 1996, fasc. 1.
Eggers, E., Hamill, R., Ali, A., Data as the new currency – government's role in facilitating the exchange, Deloitte Review, no. 13, 2013. Available at: http://dupress.com/articles/data-as-the-new-currency/.
European Commission, Public sector information: a key resource for europe – green paper on public sector information in the information society, COM(1998)585, 1998. Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/1168/.
Fogel, K., Producing Open Source Software, O'Reilly Media, 2005.
Gangadharan, G. R., Weiss, M., D'Andrea, V., Iannella, R., Exploring the Intellectual Rights in a Mashup Ecosystem, 6th International Workshop for Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects of Business Models for Virtual Goods incorporating the 4th International ODRL Workshop, 2008, Poznan, Poland.
Giles, J., Stahl, G., Fostering a data-driven culture, Economist Intelligent Unit, 2013, p. 5. Available at: http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/legacy/mgthink/downloads/Tableau_DataCulture_130219.pdf
Ginsburg, J., No sweat? Copyright and other Protection of Works of Information After Feist v. Rural, in Columbia L. Rev., 1992.
Guo, H., Digital rights management DRM using XrML, T-110.501, Seminar on Network Security, 2001.
Gurin, J., Big data and open data: what's what and why does it matter?, The Guardian 15.04 (2014). Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2014/apr/15/big-data-open-data-transform-government.
Hammer, C., Open data has little value if people can't use it, Harvard Business Review Blog Network, 29.03 (2013). Available at: http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/03/open-data-has-little-value-if/.
Iannella, R., Open Digital Rights Management, Workshop on Digital Rights Management for the Web, Sophia-Antipolis, France. Available at: http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/pp/iprsystems-iannella.html.
Kirkpatrick, R., A new type of philanthropy: donating data, Harvard Business Review Blog Network, 21.03 (2013). Available at: http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/03/a-new-type-of-philanthropy-don/.
Landes, W., Posner, R., An economic analisys of copyright law, in 18 J. Legal Studies, 1989.
Lemley, M., Ex ante versus ex post justifications for intellectual property, University of California – Berkeley, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series (Paper No. 144), 2004.
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Groves, P., Farrell, D., Van Kuiken, S., Doshi, E. A., Open data: Unlocking innovation and performance with liquid information, McKinsey, 2013. Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/ open_data_unlocking_innovation_and_performance_with_liquid_information.
McGregor, S., The Nature of Transdisciplinary Research and Practice, Kappa Omicron Nu Human Sciences Working Paper Series, 2004. Available at: http://www.kon.org/hswp/archive/transdiscipl.html.
Morando, F., Creative Menus: applying some considerations about default rules and contractual menus to the case of Creative Commons Licenses, in Flanagan, A., Montagnani, M. L., (eds.), Intellectual property and social justice: a law and economics approach, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
Morando, F., Iemma, R., Artusio, C., Libro bianco per il riutilizzo dell'informazione del settore pubblico, EVPSI Project – Extracting Value from Public Sector Information, 2012.
Available at: http://www.evpsi.org/librobianco.
Morando, F., Legal interoperability: making open (government) data compatible with business and communities, in Ricolfi, M., Sappa, C., (eds.), Extracting value from public sector information: legal framework and regional policies, Quaderni del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell'Università di Torino, n. 24.
Moscon, V., Rappresentazione informatica dei diritti e diffusione della conoscenza, in Caso, R., (eds.), Accesso aperto alla conoscenza scientifica e sistema trentino della ricerca: atti del Convegno tenuto presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza di Trento il 5 maggio 2009, Trento, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2010.
Pira International, Commercial exploitation of Europe's public sector information, European Commission Report, Surrey, England, 2000.
Raymond, E., The cathedral and the bazaar, O'Reilly Media, 1999.
Ricolfi, M., Copyright Policy for digital libraries in the context of the i2010 strategy, COMMUNIA Conference on the Digital Public Domain – Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium), 2008.
Ricolfi, M., Van Eechoud, M., Morando, F., Tziavos, P., Ferrao, L., The “Licensing” of Public Sector Information, in Tiscornia, D., (eds.), Open data e riuso dei dati pubblici, Informatica e Diritto, Edizioni Scientifiche, Napoli, 2011, fasc. 1-2.
Rosen, L., Open source licensing, Prentice Hall, 2005.
Tinholt D., The Open Data Economy: Unlocking Economic Value by Opening Government and Public Data, Capgemini Consulting, 2013. Available at: http://www.capgemini-consulting.com/resource-file access/resource/pdf/opendata_pov_6feb.pdf
Travis, A., Arthur, C., EU court backs “right to be forgotten”: Google must amend results on request, The Guardian, 13.05 (2014). Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/13/right-to-be-forgotten-eu-court-google-search-results.
Ubaldi, B., Open government data: Towards empirical analysis of open government data initiatives, Technical report, OECD Publishing, 2013. Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/open-government-data_5k46bj4f03s7-en.
Vianello, M., Smart cities – gestire la complessità urbana nell'era di Internet, Maggioli, Rimini, 2013, p. 72. A short summary is available at: http://www.slideshare.net/michelevianello/una-scommessa-da-vincere.
Vickery/EU Commission, (2011), available at: http://www.epsiplatform.eu/content/review-recentpsi-re-use-studies-published.
Vollmer, T., Peters, D., Creative Commons and public sector information: flexible tools to support PSI creators and re-users, EPSI Topic Report no. 23, 2011.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Agreement with AuthorsAuthors submitting a paper to JOAL automatically agree to confer a limited license to JOAL if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication. This license allows JOAL to publish a manuscript in a given issue, by any means, anywhere in the world. Authors whose submissions have been accepted then have a choice of:
- Dedicating the article to the public domain. This allows anyone to make any use of the article at any time, including commercial use. A good way to do this is to use the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication Web form; see http://creativecommons.org/license/publicdomain-2?lang=en.
- Retaining some rights while allowing some use. For example, authors may decide to disallow commercial use without permission. Authors may also decide whether to allow users to make modifications (e.g.translations, adaptations) without permission. A good way to make these choices is to use a Creative Commons license.
- Go to http://creativecommons.org/license/.
- Choose and select license. Choose "generic" if you are in the U.S. and "text" for JOAL articles.
- What to do next — you can then e–mail the license html code to yourself. Do this, and then forward that e–mail to JOAL’s editors. Put your name in the subject line of the e–mail with your name and article title in the e–mail.
- Retaining full rights, including translation and reproduction rights. Authors may use the statement: © Author 2013 All Rights Reserved. Authors may choose to use their own wording to reserve copyright. If you choose to retain full copyright, please add your copyright statement to the end of the article.